“The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon in our apple pies were made in the interiors of collapsing stars. We are made of starstuff.”
― Carl Sagan, Cosmos
Particles as Strings as tiny vibrating strands of energy-strings Strings are identified as having a mass and charge as well as wavelength and frequency. Scaled to the universe from Earth, the strings are only as big as a tree. Extra Dimensions of Space
To allow for variety of properties particles and forces need to be vibrating in more than three dimensions.
Why Strings?
Unification Theories
Strings smooth out jittery structures and can work in both realms
M-Theory
Strings can stretch into membranes (d-branes)
with enough energy, a d-brane can be as large as a universe!
The universe may be a d-brane floating in a higher dimension
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has officially announced the existence of water on The Red Planet as of September 28, 2015. A few years back this had merely been speculated, however a recent reconnaissance of the planet as well as sand samples on-board the Curiosity rover have provided firm evidence of its existence. According to images produced by high powered spectrometers, the water contains extremely high concentrations of salts, and a mix of chlorates and perchlorates. This concoction is known to have a low freezing point, therefore can remain in a liquid state during Mars' summer with temperatures above -10 degrees Fahrenheit (F). During winter on Mars when temperatures reach as low as -195 degrees F, the water freezes into pockets of ice like the glaziers that are believed to remain under the planet's surface. This discovery goes beyond the excitement of the water. NASA's Jim Green says that "If you look at Earth, water is an essential ingredient. Wherever we find water, we find life." This theory is becoming widely embraced and recently the assumption has been made that because the water remains a sustainable liquid during the summers of Mars, that organic life can exist.
